In the age of rapid technological innovation, hyperscale datacenters are evolving at a breakneck pace. With the continued advancements in CPUs, GPUs, accelerators, and switches, faster data transfers are now paramount. At the forefront of this advancement is PCI Express (PCIe®), which has become the de-facto standard of interconnect… Read More
For decades now I’ve watched the incredible growth of SoCs in terms of die size, transistor count, frequency and complexity. Instead of placing all of the system complexity into a single, monolithic chip, there are now compelling reasons to use a multi-chip approach, like when the maximum die size limit is reached, or it’s… Read More
Domain specific processors are a mega-trend in the semiconductor industry, so we see new three letter acronyms like DPU, for Data Processing Unit. System level performance can actually be improved by moving some of the tasks away from the CPU. Companies like Xilinx (Alveo), Amazon (Nitro) and NVIDIA (BlueField) have been talking… Read More
What do genome sequencing, engineering modeling and simulation, and big data analytics have in common? They’re all bandwidth-hungry applications with complex data workloads. High-performance computing (HPC) systems deliver the parallel processing capabilities to generate detailed and valuable insights from these applications.
We have seen that the interface IP category is seeing incredibly high growth rate over the last two decades and we expect this category to generate an ongoing high source of IP revenues for at least another decade. But if we dig into the various successful protocols like PCI Express, Ethernet or USB, we can detect a common function … Read More
When I think about servers and data centers, I think about multiple-core/high-power CPUs, Intel’s domination over the years and GPUs coming on strong in recent years. I think about very fast digital interfaces, such as PCI Express connections and the latest DDR memory interface. Precision analog isn’t something that first comes… Read More
TrueChip is a Verification IP specialist. For more than 10 years they have provided verification IP’s, like USB, PCIe, Ethernet, Memory, AMBA, Display RISC V and many more. They have an extensive portfolio including a very interesting product that is “TruEYE™️ GUI” which is a debugger helper tool for the verifications IPs.
In the last article i write about the Data Link Layer, in this article i’ll write about the Transaction Layer.
This layer’s primary responsibility is to create PCI Express request and completion transactions. It has both transmit functions for outgoing transactions, and receive functions for incoming transactions.… Read More
In the last article, i wrote about the physical layer, now let’s take a look in the next layer the data link layer.
The Data Link Layer serves as the “gatekeeper” for each individual link within a PCI Express system. It ensures that the data being sent back and forth across the link is correct and received in the same order it
This is another post that was requested by a user, and as always i’ll do my best to put in a few articles the basic information that you’ll need to understand how it works at depth level.
PCI Express (or PCIe) is a high-speed serial computer expansion bus designed to replace the older PCI, PCI-X and AGP standards.
The first… Read More
