1. Why the substrate matters
Every transistor sits in, or on, a few hundred nanometres of crystal; the rest of the wafer is mechanical support and, often, a liability. Silicon won because it combines a moderate bandgap (1.12 eV), a native oxide (SiO2) of excellent quality, and the ability to be grown as near-perfect single crystals… Read More






The $725 Million Chip Development: Why Execution Risk, Not IP Cost, Now Dictates Advanced-Node Survival